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APA

APA. Formatting. 1” margins Times New Roman font Double-spaced Running head in all caps at top left of every page Page number at top right of every page. Writing Style. Scientific writing does not have to lack style or be dull

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APA

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  1. APA

  2. Formatting • 1” margins • Times New Roman font • Double-spaced • Running head in all caps at top left of every page • Page number at top right of every page

  3. Writing Style • Scientific writing does not have to lack style or be dull • Present findings directly, but in a way that conveys involvement in the problem • Address differing positions of researchers in a professional, non-combative way • Use specific and concise language • Avoid poetic or figurative language • Vary sentence length and complexity to add interest

  4. Writing Style, cont’d • Maintain continuity and smoothness of expression with punctuation, transitions, consistent verb tense • Use third person, unless otherwise specified • Use active voice as much as possible • Be precise and clear • Don’t add words for the sake of length • Don’t repeat yourself for emphasis • Avoid colloquialisms, which weaken meaning • Avoid overusing jargon

  5. Guidelines for Reducing Bias • Describe at the appropriate level of specificity • When in doubt, be more specific rather than less • Avoid terms that are loaded with innuendo, such as “at risk,” unless you are defining your use of the term. • Be specific and sensitive when describing or discussing age, racial groups, sexual orientation, marital status, disabilities, etc.

  6. Guidelines for Reducing Bias, cont’d • Be sensitive to labels • Respect preferences – call people what they prefer to be called • Remember that preferences can change over time and that individuals within groups may disagree • Avoid labeling whenever possible • Labels can cause participants in a study to lose their individuality and/or personhood

  7. Guidelines for Reducing Bias, cont’d • Acknowledge participation • Write about people in a way that acknowledges their participation and is consistent with the traditions of the field • Accepted terms include “participants” and “subjects” • Avoid the term “failed,” because it can imply a personal shortcoming rather than a research result

  8. Essential Parts • Title Page • Abstract • Main Body • References

  9. Title Page • Running head • Running head: TITLE OR SHORTENED TITLE • The words “Running head:” only appear on the title page. Subsequent pages will only include the title • Page number • Centered on top half of the page: • Title of Paper • Name • Institution Name

  10. Abstract • Running head and page number in header • “Abstract” centered on first line, first line of paragraph will not be indented • 150-250 words, double-spaced • Brief, comprehensive summary of paper • Not an introduction to the paper • Will not contain citations

  11. Main Body • Title centered on top of first page • Headings • Citations

  12. Headings • Used to separate sections of the paper and establish information hierarchy • Use in order, beginning with Level 1 • Level 1 • Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading • Level 2 • Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

  13. Headings • Level 3 • Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period. • Level 4 • Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with a period. • Level 5 • Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.

  14. In-Text Citations • Used whenever directly quoting or paraphrasing from another author’s work • When paraphrasing, use author, date format: • (Author last name, year) • A citation for a direct quote should also include a page number: • (Author, year, p. #) • Quotations 40 words or longer should be placed in a freestanding block • If no author is given, used a shortened version of the title in the citation

  15. In-Text Citations • If the publication date is unknown, use “n.d.” in its place • For works with two authors, list both and use an ampersand: (Smith & Jones, 2010) • For works with 3 or more authors, list all in the first citation: (Smith, Jones, & Brown, 2010), in subsequent citations, list the first author and “et al.”: (Smith et al., 2010) • Classical works such as the Bible are only cited in-text. Include the reference and version used: (1 Cor. 13:1, Revised Standard Version)

  16. References • Include running head and page number • Center “References” at the top of the page • Every line after the first line of a reference entry should be indented one-half inch from the margin • References are listed in alphabetical order by author name • Authors are listed last name first, followed by first and middle initials

  17. References • All titles except journal titles have only the first word capitalized • Always capitalize proper nouns • Capitalize the first word after a colon • Article titles do not use quotation marks, underlines, or italics • Book titles should be italicized

  18. Reference List • Book Author, A. A. (Publication Year). Title of work: Subtitle. Location: Publisher. • Separate multiple authors with commas • Up to 7 authors • For more than 7, follow with ellipsis (…), skip to last author, list final author • Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word “and” • Article in a periodical Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume # (issue #), page #s.

  19. Reference List, cont’d • Article from an online periodical (with DOI) • The digital object identifier (DOI) is a reference number assigned to online periodical content • Searchable in online databases (like an ISBN) Author, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume # (issue #), pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxx

  20. Reference List, cont’d • Article from an online periodical (without DOI) Author, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume # (issue #), pp-pp. Retrieved from http://www.fullurl.com • A web site Author, A. A. (Date). Title of document. Retrieved from http://www.fullurl.com

  21. APA Resources • PowerPoint presentation • http://www.liberty.edu/index.cfm?PID=12268 • APA Manual • Purdue’s Online Writing Lab • http://owl.english.purdue.edu

  22. The Writing Centers • Undergraduate Writing Center • Office hours: M-F, 8 am – 5 pm • undergradwriting@liberty.edu • (434) 592-3174 • Graduate Writing Center • Office hours: M-F, 9 am – 5 pm • graduatewriting@liberty.edu • (434) 592-4727

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