Section 3.2 The Mother of Invention

1. Section 3.2The Mother of Invention Freedom as Necessity

2. The Dilemma of Determinism and Indeterminism • If causal determinism is true, then we cannot act freely because everything we do is caused by forces beyond our control. • If causal indeterminism is true, then again we cannot act freely because what we do is not up to us.

3. Soft Determinism and Compatibilism • Soft determinists believe that causal determinism is compatible with free will. • In this view, one’s actions can be determined and free.

4. Principle of Alternative Possibilities • The Principle of Alternative Possibilities says that one can be held responsible for doing something only if one could have done otherwise. • The different paths in this “garden of forking paths” represent the different courses of action that you can take at a particular point in time.

5. The Conditional Analysis of “could have done otherwise” • Traditional compatibilists offer a conditional analysis of "could have done otherwise:" you could have done otherwise just in case if you had chosen to do otherwise, you would have done otherwise.

6. Traditional Compatibilism • Traditional compatibilism is the doctrine that free actions are (1) caused by one’s will and (2) not externally constrained. • Traditional compatibilists define freedom negatively; freedom consists in the absence of external constraint or coercion.

7. Thought Experiment: Locke’s Trapped Conversationalist • “Suppose a man is carried, while fast asleep, into a room, where there is a person he longs to see and speak with; and suppose he is locked in the room…” • Even though the man doesn’t want to leave, he is not free to leave, for he couldn’t leave if he wanted to.

8. Thought Experiment: Taylor’s Ingenious Physiologist • “Suppose…that while my behavior is entirely in accordance with my own volitions…my volitions themselves are caused [by an ingenious neurophysiologist]. • Even though Taylor’s actions meets the conditions of traditional compatibilism, his actions are not free.

9. Thought Experiment: Taylor’s Drug Addiction • Suppose one is given a compulsive desire for a drug. • The drug addict’s subsequent behavior would fulfill both conditions of traditional compatibilism. • Nevertheless, it would not be free.

10. Thought Probe: Brainwashing • Suppose that someone were brainwashed into acquiring a whole new set of desires and beliefs and subsequently acted on them. • According to traditional compatibilism, would his actions be free?

11. Thought Experiment: Frankfurt’s Decision Inducer • In this thought experiment, Frankfurt challenges the principle of alternative possibilities. • Suppose that Black monitors Jones’s behavior and is prepared to alter it if Jones doesn’t behave as Black wants him to. • Black insures that Jones couldn’t do otherwise than he does. • Does Jones act freely?

12. First-order Desires • A first-order desire is a desire directed on an object or a state of affairs. • Desires for food, clothing, and shelter as well as conditions like being healthy, well-informed, and well-paid are first-order desires.

13. Second-order Desires • A second-order desire is a desire directed on a desire. • A desire not to desire to smoke is a second-order desire.

14. Second-order Volitions • A second-order volition is a second order desire on which one wants to act.

15. Hierarchical Compatibilism • According to Frankfurt, free actions are caused by second-order volitions that one decisively identifies with. • This view is known as hierarchical compatibilism because it is based on the belief that there is a hierarchy of desires and volitions.

16. Thought Experiment: Frankfurt’s Unwilling and Wanton Addicts • Consider two addicts: the unwilling addict desires that he not have the desire to take drugs and the wanton addict has never questioned his desire to take drugs. • According to Frankfurt, neither act freely.

17. Thought Experiment: Frankfurt’s Happy Addict • Consider an addict who has reflected on his addiction and has decided that he likes being addicted to drugs. • According to Frankfurt, this addict acts freely because he is acting on a second order volition.

18. Thought Experiment: Slote’s Hypnotized Patient • Suppose that someone had a second-order volition implanted in him by a hypnotist. • In that case, acting on a second-order volition would not make the act free.

19. Ultimate Responsibility • Our actions flow from our character and motives. • According to Robert Kane, if we did not have a hand in shaping our character and motives, we are not ultimately responsible for the actions that flow from them.

20. Thought Probe: The Willing Bank Teller • Suppose that you are a bank teller and are held up at gun point. You decide that heroics are out of the question and hand over the money. • According to Frankfurt, do you act freely? Why or why not?