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Dan McKenney Canadian Forest Service Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada dmckenne@nrcan.gc

Natural Resources. Ressources naturelles. Canada. Canada. Service canadien. Canadian Forest. des forêts. Service. Status and Trends in Boreal Forests and Forestry in Canada. Dan McKenney Canadian Forest Service Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada dmckenne@nrcan.gc.ca.

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Dan McKenney Canadian Forest Service Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada dmckenne@nrcan.gc

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  1. Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Canada Canada Service canadien Canadian Forest des forêts Service Status and Trends in Boreal Forests and Forestry in Canada Dan McKenneyCanadian Forest Service Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canadadmckenne@nrcan.gc.ca State and Possible Futures of Natural Resources Helsinki, Finland Feb. 6-7, 2002 Thanks to Kathy Campbell, Mark Gillis, Luc Duschene and Jim Farrell all of the CFS for assistance with this presentation

  2. Outline • Context • Canada’s national forest inventory • NTFP in Canada • Forest Certification • Concluding comments

  3. Economy environment linkages Goods and services Production Consumption Labour Economy Environment Amenity services Residuals flows Resource flows A S R Source: Common, M. 1996. Environmental and Resource Economics: An Introduction. Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. England.

  4. Biodiversity serves several functions • provides resources that are used in the production of goods and services • assimilates wastes that arise during both production and consumption • provides services that are directly consumed (these can be broadly defined to include amenity services, natural beauty, and the maintenance of traditional cultures) • provides the basis for the maintenance of ecosystem functions that support human life

  5. Biodiversity Conservation • Implies knowledge of • Distribution • Abundance • Productivity • Trade-offs • For all elements through time!!

  6. Canada Finland • Population 30.3 million 5.1 million • Land area 921.5 million ha 30.5 million ha • Forest land 417.6 million ha 23.0 million ha • National parks 22.5 million ha 722,000 ha • Provincial parks 22.9 million ha -

  7. Forest Industry • Value of exports - $39.7 billion • Major export markets • United States (79%), European Union (8%), Japan (7%), Others (6%) • Balance of trade - $31.7 billion • Contribution to GDP - $18.2 billion • Number of establishments - 13,473 • Logging 9,605 • Wood industries 3,126 • Paper and Allied 706 • Employment • 384,000 direct • 493,000 indirect Ann. Allow. cut 236.5 M m3 Harvest (vol.) 182.7 M m3 Harvest (area) 1.02 M ha

  8. Forest Disturbances - scale • ~Area defoliated by insects 4.0 M ha

  9. Forest Disturbances - scale 1,000,000 ha harvested annually

  10. Forest Disturbances - scale 350,000 ha attacked by Mountain Pine Beetle

  11. Forest Disturbances - scale 2-6 m ha burned annually

  12. Canada’s National Forest Inventory – Current situation • CanFI • compilation of source inventories • stand level data provided • harmonized to national classification scheme • aggregated to mapsheet, provincial and national level

  13. CanFI • 48 source inventories • National classification scheme • area and gross merchantable volume • land class • ownership and status • site class • stocking • age and maturity • predominant genus and forest type • 48,000 aggregation units • Relational database management system and GIS

  14. CanFI: Strengths and Weaknesses • Strengths • Cost effective • Process well established and accepted • Provides detailed, location-specific information • Weaknesses • Varying standards and ages • Lacks capability to derive change data • Lacks monitoring capability • Lacks non-timber attributes • Unknown precision

  15. National Forest Inventory - Demands • Demands for information • Criteria and Indicators • Climate change - Kyoto • Productive capacity • Sustainable development - trade • Biodiversity

  16. Canada’s National Forest Inventory - New Design • A network of sampling points across the population • Estimation of some attributes from remote sensing sources • Estimation of species diversity, wood volumes and other detailed data from ground-based sub-sample • Estimation of change from repeated measurements

  17. Population of the inventory is all of Canada Potential sampling locations reside on 4 x 4 km network Survey a minimum of 1% of landmass Photo plots (on a 20 x 20 km grid = 22,000 plots) Ground plots (sub-sample within photo plots ~ 1/10) Estimate change from repeated measurements Reported by Terrestrial Ecozones The NFI Design

  18. www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/landscape/inventory

  19. Non Timber Forest Products • FOOD AND FOOD PRODUCTS • NUTRACEUTICALS • PHARMACEUTICALS • ORNAMENTALS AND CRAFTS • INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS • CARBON CREDITS • RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES

  20. Taxol from Eastern Yew • $1-2B/YEAR • ANTICANCER • 1000 KG/YEAR • 1 KG TAXOL/10000 KG EASTERN YEW • VALUE $8M/KG • POWDER $0.3M/KG

  21. NTFP in Canada • MUSHROOMS • 25 commercial species • MEDICINAL PLANTS • 50 species • B.C: 200 NTFP species are used • MICHIGAN: 153 species are used • POTENTIAL FOR 600 KINDS OF NTFP

  22. Yearly Value of NTFP • FRUITS AND BERRIES $140 M • MAPLE SAP PRODUCTS $120 M • MUSHROOMS $100 M • MEDICINAL PLANTS $ 50 M • ORNAMENTALS $ 30 M • CHRISTMAS TREES $ 15 M • ESSENTIAL OILS $ 1 M • TOTAL $441 M

  23. NTFP Problems • NO MAINSTREAM NTFP CULTURE • LACK OF RESOURCE INVENTORY • INTERNATIONAL MARKETS • SUSTAINABILITY OF HARVEST • COMMODITY-TYPE PRICE FLUCTUATIONS • CULTURAL BIASES • PART TIME EMPLOYMENT

  24. >.6 >.5 <= .6 >.4 <= .5 >.3 <= .4 >.2 <= .3 >.1 <= .2 > 0 <= .1 > 0 Predictive models required for inventory purposes • Black-Throated Blue Warbler • # present 812 • # absent 2469 • mean concordance 86.3 (.81) • probability 0.31 (.014) • specificity 77.3 (.83) • sensitivity 77.3 (1.12) • false neg 8.9 (.34) • false pos 46.9 (1.37) • 6 variable climate model

  25. Science Issues • Domestication & Biology • NTFP Inventory • Integrating with logging • Value-added Products • Marketing issues • F.N. Traditional Knowledge • Certification

  26. Forest Certification - Context • Marketplace driven, third party assessment of a forest area against established criteria • To verify / promote sustainability • An activity between buyers and sellers • Arm’s length from government • Certification is only as good as its credibility in the marketplace - market acceptance requires buy-in • retailers, ENGOs, industry, forest owners…

  27. Forest Certification - Context • Forest management - a provincial responsibility • Canadian forest companies operate in an highly regulated environment – also want to provide their customers with some information on their forestry practices • Canadian companies need access to certification systems that work for them and their customers • Canada committed to certification

  28. Certification Systems in Canada • Forest certification systems • Canadian Standards Association (CSA) • Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) • Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) • Environmental management system • International Organization for Standardization (ISO) • Government does not endorse any specific system

  29. Canadian Trends - Recent progress Forest area certified in Canada per program Continuous expansion of forest certification in Canada • CSA : 8.8 million ha • chain of custody and labeling • FSC : 123 000 ha, renewed vigor, challenges remain • limited “on the ground” progress • SFI : a new comer, 8.2 million ha ISO : 91.8 million ha, leading indicator

  30. Canadian Trends – Past and Future • Canadian forest industry survey (2001) • Certification will continue to make some progress in Canada, by 2005 (most by the end of 2003) : • FSC : 14.6 million ha • CSA : 32.6 million ha • SFI : 15.6 million ha • Large industry to be also ISO certified : 104.8 million ha

  31. International Trends Area certified by major systems* • Apparent demand remains strong: - Europe – leading certification markets - US – apparent potential demand (20%, wood products) • Certification continues to grow - supply up by more than 100% • Increasing number of systems globally • FSC demand appears to exceed supply - FSC remains preferred for some markets • Non-FSC supply growing faster. No system alone has sufficient supply to meet global demand • Producers and some retailers considering options - Equivalency / mutual recognition • Issues of comparing systems • Evolution of systems (Chain of Custody, labeling)

  32. Concluding Comments • Biodiversity serves many functions; some commercial, many non-commercial • Canada’s Natural Forest Inventory is evolving - it will incorporate aspects of Biodiversity • NTFP opportunities are growing • Forest Certification is playing a bigger role in Canadian forestry - concern for “Biodiversity” is a big issue but still evolving • Many needs and opportunities for Biodiversity science

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