1 / 20

Long-term Memory

Long-term Memory. Differs from short-term memory Huge capacity (relatively) slow access time Forgetting occurs more slowly; little decay Long-term memory structure Episodic memory Serial form Semantic memory Derived from episode memory. Semantic Network. association.

rendor
Download Presentation

Long-term Memory

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Long-term Memory • Differs from short-term memory • Huge capacity • (relatively) slow access time • Forgetting occurs more slowly; little decay • Long-term memory structure • Episodic memory • Serial form • Semantic memory • Derived from episode memory

  2. Semantic Network association

  3. Frame-Based Representation

  4. Frame-Based Representation

  5. Production System • IF dog is wagging tail • THEN pat dog • IF dog is growling • THEN run away

  6. Long-term Memory Processes • How do we store information in LTM? • How do we forget? • How do we retrieve the information?

  7. Storing Information • Learning time • Total time hypothesis • The distribution of practice effect • Semantic categories • Dog, cat, bird, fish • Dog, corgi, labrador

  8. 單字 關鍵字 字義 知識分子 Intellectual 女人 Woman 戲院 Theatre 嗜好 Hobby 梯子 Ladder Storing Information: Keyword Mnemonics

  9. Storing Information: Mental Image • Bower’s study Dog-Bicycle : 45% 80% A cat is building a brick wall A cat is sitting on a brick wall Vs.

  10. How to Forget?—Decay Jost’s law of forgetting Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve

  11. How to Forget?—Interference • Retroactive interference • Ex: the 10th house’s addr.  the 1st house’s addr. • Proactive interference • Ex: the first week you know the new mobile number Time in experiment

  12. How to Forget?—Interference • 請看隨堂分發的補充資料 • 鄭昭明著,認知心理學:理論與實踐,三版,桂冠出版,2006,第190-191頁。 • 記憶時自動尋求語意的關連 • 展現了基模理論的預測

  13. Retrieving information • Two types of information retrieval • Recall • Recognition • Theory: two-process theory • Do we really forget something? • It’s impossible to prove that we do forget (A. Dix) • The ‘tip of the tongue’ experience • Recognition • Interference

  14. Class Discussion • Guess how best memorizing pi could be • How do you remember the following list? • Milk, Sugar, Bananas, Lettuce, Tomato, Newspaper, Cheese, Butter, Bread, Lemonade • Share your comments on the memory-enhancing technique • A. Dix’s suggestion • Share your comments about A. Dix’s suggestion

  15. A. Dix’s List • Bun • Shoe • Tree • Door • Hive • Sticks • Heaven • Gate • Wine • Hen

  16. 1.4 Thinking: Reasoning and Problem Solving

  17. Thinking • Humans are unique due to this mental process • Thinking with partial (or no) information • Conscious (and self-aware) • And unconscious maybe • Two categories of thinking • Reasoning • Problem solving • Not distinct

  18. Reasoning • To infer conclusion or new knowlege • Deductive reasoning • Derive logically necessary conclusion • 凡人都會死 • 蘇格拉底是人 • 蘇格拉底會死 • 這是有效(valid)的演繹推理嗎? • IF it is raining THEN the ground is dry • It is raining • The ground is dry

  19. Deductive Reasoning • Deductive reasoning 1 • Some people are babies • Some babies cry ? • Deductive reasoning 2 • Some X is Y • Some Y is Z  Some X is Z?

  20. Deductive Reasoning • Why poor human deduction? • To bring world knowledge into reasoning • Take short cut • If validity is preferred • Make every premise explicit • Talk to your advisor

More Related