CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOSKELETON & CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS

1. CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOSKELETON & CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS Chapter 5

2. A. Cell Membrane Structure Cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with mobile proteins. Phosphate head of phospholipid is hydrophilic. Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. Proteins

3. Types of membrane proteins: • Transport proteins - move substances across membrane • Cell surface proteins - establish “self” • Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)- enable cells to stick to each other • Receptor proteins - receive & transmit messages into a cell

4. Additional molecules may be associated with proteins & phospholipids: • cholesterol • sugar molecules • glycoproteins • glycolipids

5. B. Movement Across Membranes Cell membranes are selectively permeable. 1. Simple diffusion (passive) Substance moves across phospholipids from an area of high to an area of low concentration, without using energy. Substance moves down its concentration gradient Ex. O2, CO2

6. Simple Diffusion Cell membrane Transport protein Diffusion continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.

7. Movement of water across membranes by simple diffusion is called osmosis. Water is driven to move because the membrane is impermeable to solute(s).

8. Tonicity Refers to differences in solute concentration on either side of a semipermeable membrane. • Isotonic - both solutions have the same solute concentrations. • Hypotonic - solution with the lowersolute concentration. • Hypertonic - solution with the highersolute concentration.

9. What is effect of immersing an animalcell in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution?

10. What is effect of immersing a plant cell in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution? Cell immersed in hypertonic solution Cell immersed in hypotonic solution

11. 2. Facilitated Diffusion (passive) Substance moves through a transport protein from an area of high to an area of low concentration, without using energy. Substance moves down its concentration gradient Ex. glucose

12. Facilitated Diffusion Cell membrane Transport protein

13. Cell:Environment: 1% sucrose3% sucrose 1% glucose2% glucose 1% fructose1% fructose 97% water94% water Assume cell membrane is permeable to water, glucose & fructose, but impermeable to sucrose. In which direction will sucrose, glucose, fructose & water move?

14. 3. Active Transport (active) Substance moves through a transport protein from an area of low to an area of highconcentration; requiresenergy. Substance moves against its concentration gradient Ex. ions (Na+, K+, Cl-)

15. Active transport Cell membrane Transport protein ATP

16. Active transport of Na+ & K+ through the sodium-potassium pump (transport protein).

17. 4. Cotransport The active transport of one substance is coupled to the passive transport of another. Ex. sucrose (plant cells)

18. 5. Exocytosis, Endocytosis & Transcytosis Movement of large particles across membranes with the help of vesicles. Exocytosis - vesicles move particles out of the cell. Ex. release of enzymes from head of sperm; neurotransmitter release

19. Endocytosis - vesicles move particles into the cell. Three types of endocytosis: Receptor-mediated endocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis

20. Transcytosis - combines endocytosis & exocytosis. Vesicles rapidly transport particles through cells. Ex. transport of nutrient monomers through cells lining digestive tract & into the bloodstream

21. C. Cytoskeleton The structural framework of a cell. 1. Microtubules - hollow, thick elements made of the protein tubulin. Functions: • move chromosomes apart during cell division • form cilia & flagella

22. 2. Microfilaments - long, thin elements made of the protein actin. Functions: • connect cells to each other • move vesicles & organelles within cytoplasm • help cells move

23. 3. Intermediate filaments - elements with diameters in between that of microtubules & microfilaments. Made of various proteins (ie. keratin) Functions: • maintain cell shape • connect cells to each other & to underlying tissue (skin cells)

24. D. Intercellular Junctions Structures that connect cells of multicellular organisms to form tissues. 1. Animal cell Connections Tight Junctions - cell membranes of adjacent cells are fused, creating a tight seal. Ex. cells lining small intestine; cells lining capillaries in brain

25. Desmosomes - intermediate filaments weld cell membranes of adjacent cells together in isolated spots. Ex. skin cells Gap Junctions - channels that link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing exchange of materials. Ex. heart muscle cells

26. 2. Plant Cell Connections Plasmodesmata - channels that link the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing the exchange of cytoplasm & organelles. Ex. cells conducting water & nutrients

27. E. Cell-Cell Interactions 1. Cell Adhesion Process that uses membrane proteins called cellular adhesion molecules(CAMs) to direct the migration of cells. Various CAMs function in sequence to: • guide WBCs to injury sites • guide embryonic cells to help form placenta • establish nerve connections involved in learning & memory

28. CAMs directing WBCs to injury sites.

29. 2. Signal Transduction Process by which cells receive, amplify, & respond to outside stimuli.