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Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Fungi. Diversity of Life ~ Bio 20 Mrs. S. Pipke-Painchaud. Curriculum Connections. 2. Recognize the role of monera, protists, and fungi in the ecosystem.

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Kingdom Fungi

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  1. Kingdom Fungi Diversity of Life ~ Bio 20 Mrs. S. Pipke-Painchaud

  2. Curriculum Connections . . . • 2. Recognize the role of monera, protists, and fungi in the ecosystem. • 2.1 Describe viral structure and activity. 2.2 Identify some viral diseases prevalent in plants, animals, and humans in Saskatchewan. • 2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified. 2.4 Describe some diseases caused by bacteria which affect organisms living in Saskatchewan. 2.5 Identify some valuable roles played in the ecosystem by bacteria. 2.6 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. • 2.7 Describe how the protist kingdom is classified. 2.8 Collect, culture, and observe a variety of protists. • 2.9 Describe the general characteristics of fungi.2.10 Collect and observe some samples of fungi. 2.11 Identify the basic structural features of bacteria.

  3. Fungi Characteristics . . . • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic (saprotrophic) • Some are parasitic • Lack Chlorophyll • Mostly terrestrial • Non-motile • Most are multicellular • Except yeast • Consist of hyphae (thread like structures) • Hyphae tangled together = mycelium • Cell walls of chitin • Reproduce asexually and sexually via spores that develop into hyphae • Info from BSCS 8th Edition

  4. Importance . . . • Key decomposers along with bacteria • Sources of antibiotics • Many cause plant diseases • Some form symbiotic relationships • Used to produce food: • Breads • Making alcohol • Producing drugs • Info from BSCS 8th Edition

  5. Examples • Mushrooms, molds, mildews, rusts, smuts

  6. Phylum Zygomycota: • Example: Rhizopus • Black Bread mold (can grow on grapes or strawberries, etc) • Some are parasitic (plant disease) • Most are decomposers • Characteristics: • No cross walls on hyphae • Reproduction by asexual spores and sexual conjugation to form Zygospores. Rhizopus Rhizopus is a common bread mold. The pink lines are the hyphae, the dark pink ovals are individual zygosporangia, that are produced when two individuals (a positive and negative mating type) meet http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/images/rhizopus.jpg • Info from BSCS 8th Edition

  7. Phylum Ascomycota: • Sac Fungi • Examples: • yeast, apple scab, powdery mildew, blue-green molds, • Morels, truffles • Chestnut blight and Dutch Elm Disease • Athletes Foot Fungus • Characteristics: • Cross walls divide hyphae • Reproduction: • Asexual: Conidiospores • Sexual: Ascospores (produced in the asci – sac like structures) • Yeast: • Single celled • Essential in bread making and production of alcoholic beverages (i.e. beer and wine) • In anaerobic conditions, yeast breaks down sugar into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. • i.e. bread rises, foam on beer Yeast: http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/fungi.htm “A large group of single celled yeast are shown here. Yeast is an ascomycete, but it reproduces almost exclusively by asexual reproduction (budding). Each cell just divides in two. This genus of yeast is used for baking (it makes the carbon dioxide that helps dough to rise) and also beer and wine making (in anaerobic conditions yeast produces alcohol). The genome of yeast was recently sequenced.” • Info from BSCS 8th Edition

  8. Powdery Mildew • https://supersonichydroponic.com/components/com_fpslideshow/images/powdery_mildew.jpg

  9. Lilac Leaf Powdery Mildew • http://www.kastlekare.com/images/downey-mildew-large.jpg

  10. Phylum Basidiomycota Wheat Rust: http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/images/rust100.jpg “This  image shows the urediospores of the fungus bursting out of the top surface of a wheat leaf. This spreads the infection to other wheat plants.” • Club Fungi • Examples: • Bracket fungi, smuts, rusts, jelly fungi, puffballs and stinkhorns • Mushrooms • Characteristics: • Hyphae divided by cross walls • Reproduction: • Sexual: Basidiospores (produced on the basidium) • Info from BSCS 8th Edition

  11. Rust • http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/PDDCEducation/MasterGardener/General/Slide12.htm

  12. Stem, Leaf & Stripe Rust • http://www.grdc.com.au/director/events/grdcpublications/rustlinks

  13. Corn Smut • http://www.apsnet.org/Education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosS-V/smut.jpg • “a group of fungi in the Basidiomycetes that typically releases masses of black dusty teliospores at maturity(corn smut caused by Ustilago zeae)”

  14. Phylum Deuteromycota • Imperfect Fungi • Examples: • Fusarium, alternadria, penicillium • Penicillium roquefortii = roquefort cheese • P. camembertii = camembert cheese • P. notatum = drug penicillin • Characteristics: • Cross walls divide hyphae • Reproduction: • Asexual: spores • Sexual: unknown (has not been observed) • Grouped for convenience Penicillium: http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/fungi.htm “The pink lines are hyphae of the Penicillium fungus, the circular dots are spores. Penicillium was the original source of the first antibiotic Penicillin. It is also used in producing blue cheese, like Brie and Camembert.” • Info from BSCS 8th Edition

  15. Mycorrhizal Fungi • A symbiotic relationship between roots and fungi • Fungi absorb soil nutrients and secrete an acid that makes the nutrients more available to the plant. Sugars produced in photosynthesis nourish the fungi. • Fungi absorb water and protect from other pathogens found in the soil. • Orchids and pines do not grow well if their mycorrihizal fungi are absent. • Increase surface area of the root

  16. Lichens • Is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae or cyanobacterium • Looks like a mass of fungal hyphae but are filled with algae inside. • Secrete acid which breaks down bare rock (i.e. pioneer organisms); can also tolerate extreme conditions • Can completely dry out and become dormant until moisture is available. • Growth occurs when water is available (grows in spurts) • Lichens are good indicators of pollution because the toxins are concentrated in the cells. • i.e. radioactive waste has been measured in lichens. (biomagnification) • Example: • Reindeer Moss – found in the arctic

  17. Other interesting facts… • Fungi at Chernobyl • Recent monitoring work on the devasted ruin of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant has noted significant fungal growth on the walls of inner sanctum of the ruin of the power plant. Over 37 species have been recorded mainly of deuteromycetes. Some species like Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Penicillum hirsutum were found more typically in the severely contaminated areas and it is suggested in the research that they may be active biodestructors of extremely radioactive substrates. The radiation levels there are about 10000 times that that would be fatal in humans! For full details of this research, see Zhdanova, N., Zakonechnaya, V.A., Vember, V.V. & Nakonechnaya, L.T.: Fungi from • Chernobyl. Mycological Research 104 (2000), p.1421-1426 • http://www.nifg.org.uk/facts_a.htm#Why%20female%20pigs%20hunt%20truffles

  18. A Few Facts About Fungihttp://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/facts.htm • BEVERAGES. The average person consumes beverages produced by fungi on a daily basis. All the citric acid used in soft drinks, candies, artificial lemon juice, baked goods etc. (check the labels) is produced industrially by fungus fermentation using Aspergillus niger. The yeast fungus (Saccharomycescereviseae) is used in fermentation processes that result in the production of beers, wines and spirits (billions of gallons!)

  19. A Few Facts About Fungihttp://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/facts.htm • OTHER FOOD PRODUCTS. The yeast fungus Saccharomcyes is also used in the leavening of bread and other baked products. The blue mould, Penicillium, is used in the ripening process to prepare speciality cheeses such as blue cheeses e.g. Roquefort, Gorgonzola, Stilton etc. and soft cheeses such as Camembert and Brie.

  20. A Few Facts About Fungihttp://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/facts.htm • ANTIBIOTICS from FUNGI • There are a number of important antibiotics produced industrially by fungal fermentation for use as medicines in humans and animals. These include penicillin by Penicillium chrysogenum, cephalosporin by Acremonium (=Cephalosporium), griseofulvin by Penicillium griseofulvin etc.

  21. A Few Facts About Fungihttp://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/facts.htm • ALLERGENS • We breathe in spores of FUNGI on a daily basis. The so-called clean country air may contain as many as 10,000 fungal spores per cubic metre. Also fungi grow very nicely in and around houses. Fungi sporulating in basements and bathrooms can become a significant component of house dust and a major problem for those with mould allergies. • Those who are prone to allergies can become sensitized to many one of a large number of fungal species. Only those that reach significant levels in the air and that are of fairly common occurrence are important as human allergens. These include Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and Cladosporium.

  22. A Few Facts About Fungihttp://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/facts.htm • MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI form intimate associations (MUTUALISTIC SYMBIOSIS) with the roots of higher plants. The fungal hyphae function in place of root hairs for the absorption of water and minerals. These mycorrhizal fungi can also protect the roots from attack by other fungi. Each forest tree has hundreds of thousands of kilometres of hyphae supplying it with water and inorganic salts. In return the tree supplies the fungus with sugars (carbohydrates) manufactured in its leaves.

  23. A Few Facts About Fungihttp://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/facts.htm • SAPROPHYTICFUNGI are the primary agents responsible for the biodegradation of plants and woody debris (cellulose and lignified cellulose). EIGHTY-FIVE BILLION tons of carbon is returned annually to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide by decay of cellulose and lignified cellulose. Most of this is by fungi.

  24. Want more facts?? • A Few Facts About Fungihttp://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/facts.htm

  25. Resource Websites: • Excellent Images: • http://www.richard-seaman.com/Fungus/USA/DevilsLake2003/ • Fungi: Images and short info • http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/fungi.htm

  26. Complete the Mushroom Lab

  27. Green BSCS Text Reference: • Read pages 320-324 • Complete Questions 1-5 (p.324) • Read pages 324-328 • Complete Questions 1-5 (p.328)

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