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Ancient Nubia

Ancient Nubia. Which Nile culture developed first?. Egypt. Nubia. Nubia. However, Egypt developed more quickly!. Nubia. Located in present day Sudan; south of Egypt Called Kingdom of Kush. Nubia. Nubia was more fertile in ancient times Silt from flooding (Nile)

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Ancient Nubia

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  1. Ancient Nubia

  2. Which Nile culture developed first? Egypt Nubia

  3. Nubia However, Egypt developed more quickly!

  4. Nubia • Located in present day Sudan; south of Egypt • Called Kingdom of Kush

  5. Nubia • Nubia was more fertile in ancient times • Silt from flooding (Nile) • Rich in minerals – gold, copper, stone

  6. Nubian Civilization • Similar to Egypt • Farming developed about 3500 B.C. • Some farmers grew wealthy; became leaders

  7. Nubian Civilization • 2000 B.C. – leader united the region & became king • Kingdom – Kush • 1st capital – Kerma (south of 3rd cataract) – natural barrier

  8. Kushite society • Began evolving • Influenced by people in the south and Egypt in the North

  9. Nubia’s Wealth • Nubian kings gained wealth from trade • Nubians raised cattle and hunted for food because they lived in a rocky region

  10. Conflict Arises • Peaceful at times • Egypt / Nubia border shifted many times • Was influenced by Egypt because of close contact, but did develop its own culture • Kush grew wealthy and strong • Egyptians feared the growth of Kush

  11. During Egypt’s Old Kingdom, pharaohs often controlled Lower Nubia

  12. Egypt VS Nubia • Egypt sought to control the mines and trade in Nubia • In times of strong governments (pharaohs) in Egypt, Egypt pushed into Nubia; weak governments were driven out of Nubia

  13. Egypt VS Nubia • Egypt’s New Kingdom • 1500 B.C. - Thutmose I sent army to conquer Kush • Conquered Nubia north of 5th cataract • Destroyed Kerma • Nubians enslaved • Forced to make payments of gold • Built Egyptian temples

  14. Egyptian Control • Controlled Kush 450 years • Egyptians settled in Kush • Egyptian language • Egyptian names, clothing, religious practices

  15. King’s Sons of Kush • Pharaoh’s officials • Kept watch over local rulers • Sent sons of rulers to Egypt as hostages

  16. Egypt eventually retreated because of problems at home!

  17. Egypt’s New Kingdom Ends • Mid 1000s • Egypt’s pharaoh lost power • Kushite leaders regained control of Kush • Kush became independent once again • No history of Kush for next 200 years

  18. Kush Regains Power • 850 B.C. • Kushitesbuild new capital in Napata (south of Kerma)

  19. Kush Invades Egypt • 700s B.C. • King Kashta attacked Egypt • 751 B.C. – conquered Lower Egypt

  20. Kushite Rule • Piankhi (son of Kashta) – 751-716 B.C. • Continued to attack Egypt • Believed gods wanted him to rule Egypt – fueled passion for war • Controlled from Delta to Kushite capital

  21. Egypt under Nubian rule • Nubians allowed Egyptians to keep their own culture • Nubians helped to restore forgotten or lost parts of their culture

  22. Shabaka • Brother of Piankhi • Declared himself Pharaoh • Began 25th Dynasty • Believed they were heirs of great Egyptian pharaoh’s of the past

  23. Shabaka • Restored Egyptian culture and infrastructure • Tried to restore old traditions and cultural practices • Worked to restore Egyptian writing • Restored temples

  24. End of Nubian Rule • Nubians only ruled Egypt 40-60 years • 670s B.C. – Assyrians invaded Egypt • in 10 years Kushites had been back into Nubia

  25. Kushite Success • Became farmers and traders • Prosperous and powerful

  26. Kushite Iron Industry • Meroe – new capital and industrial center • Location on Nile aided growth • Large deposits of …. -gold -forests – ebony & other wood -iron ore

  27. Kushite Trade • Trade network – system of people in different lands who trade goods • Kush to Egyptians; Egyptians to Greeks; then to entire Mediterranean region and Red Sea ports

  28. Kush Exports and Imports • Exports – items sent to other places – gold, pottery, iron tools and weapons, slaves, ivory • Imports – goods brought in from other countries – fine jewelry and luxury items

  29. Cultural Diffusion • Trade led to combined cultures of Kushites and others • Most obvious – Egypt – borrowed many aspects of Egyptian culture

  30. Unique Kushite Culture • Houses • Daily life • Worshipped some of own gods • Own written language – Meroitic (we still can’t decode) • Different view on women

  31. Kushite Women • Expected to be active • Some rose to positions of power • Co-rulers • Queens • Queen Shankhdakheto – 1st woman to rule Kush (170 B.C. – 150 B.C.)

  32. Decline of Kush • Problems within the kingdom weakened the economy • Overgrazed the land (cattle); led to soil blown away by wind; less farming • Cut down too many trees to fuel furnaces; furnaces shut down; fewer weapons and tools to trade

  33. Decline of Kush • Weakened by loss of trade • Foreigners set up new trade routes that bypassed Kush • Aksum

  34. Aksum • Located on Red Sea • Present day Ethiopia and Eritrea • Grew wealthy quickly (200 years) • A.D. 350 Emperor Ezana took advantage of Kush’s loss of wealth and military power – destroyed Kushite capital (Meroe)

  35. Aksum • Late A. D. 300s Aksum became Christian • 200 years later converted Nubians • Influence of Kush disappeared

  36. Egypt and Nubia had lost their power and NEVER regained full strength!

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