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ZOO 115 Invertebrate Zoology

ZOO 115 Invertebrate Zoology. Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata. Cephalothorax. Abdomen. Subphylum Chelicerata. Includes spiders, horseshoe crabs, seas spiders and scorpions Have only two tagmata: cephalothorax and the abdomen. Pedipalp. Chelicerae. Subphylum Chelicerata.

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ZOO 115 Invertebrate Zoology

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  1. ZOO 115 Invertebrate Zoology Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata

  2. Cephalothorax Abdomen Subphylum Chelicerata • Includes spiders, horseshoe crabs, seas spiders and scorpions • Have only two tagmata: cephalothorax and the abdomen

  3. Pedipalp Chelicerae Subphylum Chelicerata Cephalothorax bears 6 pairs of appendages • Chelicera are on the 2nd cephalothorax segment • Pedipalps • 4 pr walking legs. • Do not have antennae and deutocerebrum • Abdomen has 12 or fewer segments

  4. http://www.globalclassroom.org/hcrab2.jpg Subphylum ChelicerataClass Xiphosura • Horseshoe crabs • Up to 75 cm (largest chelicerates) • Live in marine shallow water on soft bottoms • Omnivores • Toxic (lethal) to Predators – saxotoxin in tissues • Vestigial coelom = body cavity is hemocoel

  5. Carapace Telson Pusher leg Chelate walking legs Median eyes Compound eye http://mainegov-images.informe.org/dmr/rm/aquarium/teachers_guide/horseshoe_crab_dorsal_view.jpg Subphylum Chelicerata Class Xiphosura - Anatomy • 6 pair of appendages • 1 pr Chelicera • 4 pr chelate legs • 1 pr pusher legs

  6. Mouth Food http://mainegov-images.informe.org/dmr/rm/aquarium/teachers_guide/horseshoe_crab_dorsal_view.jpg Gnathobase Subphylum ChelicerataClass Xiphosura - Feeding • Uses chelate walking legs and chelicera to capture food. • Transferred to the food groove • Base of appendages are grinding surfaces (gnathobases) • Spines on appendages move food to mouth

  7. Stomach Intestine Gizzard Solid waste Crop Food Digestive pouch http://mainegov-images.informe.org/dmr/rm/aquarium/teachers_guide/horseshoe_crab_internal_anatomy.jpg Subphylum ChelicerataClass Xiphosura - Feeding • Mouth to crop • Transferred to muscular toothed gizzard • Moves to stomach • Digestable material to digestive pouch • Other material to intestine • Solid waste outside via anus

  8. Gills http://mainegov-images.informe.org/dmr/rm/aquarium/teachers_guide/horseshoe_crab_internal_anatomy.jpg Subphylum Chelicerata Class Xiphosura - Gas Exchange • Water moves in through space between the abdominal plate and the carapace • Then moves across gills and out

  9. Pumped through arterial system Heart Pericardial sinus • Into hemocoel • Through gills http://mainegov-images.informe.org/dmr/rm/aquarium/teachers_guide/horseshoe_crab_internal_anatomy.jpg Subphylum Chelicerata Class Xiphosura - Circulation • Blood flows into heart (via ostia) • Back to heart

  10. Subphylum ChelicerataClass Xiphosura – Nervous system • Large brain • Compound lateral eyes • Pair of median pigment cup ocelli • Rudimentary ventral eye • Sensilla • mechanoreceptors • chemorecepetors • osmoreceptors

  11. http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310limulusLab_files/image020.jpg Subphylum ChelicerataClass Xiphosura – Reproduction • Gonochoric • Sexual dimorphic – male smaller • Mating during exceptionally high tides of full and new moons during Spring and Summer • Female deposits 2000-30000 eggs into sand • Male fertilizes eggs • Have a trilobite larva

  12. Subphylum Chelicerata – Class Arachnida • Includes spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks • ~70,000 described sp. but maybe a million more • Mostly carnivores

  13. Pedipalp Chelicera Pedipalp Chelicera http://www.rochedalss.eq.edu.au/spider/spideran.gif Subphylum ChelicerataClass Arachnida - Anatomy • Appendages • Cheliceae • Sometimes with poison or silk • Pedipalps • Many functions • 4 pr walking legs

  14. http://www.rochedalss.eq.edu.au/spider/spideran.gif Subphylum ChelicerataClass Arachnida - Digestion • Small digestive tube • Digestion starts in preoral cavity formed by appendages and carapace- proteolytic enzymes • Either the stomach or pharynx is a muscular pump

  15. Subphylum ChelicerataClass Arachnida –Circulation • Trachae • Book lungs

  16. http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/bio201/book%20lung.gif Subphylum ChelicerataClass Arachnida – Gas Exchange and circulation • Gas Exchange • Trachae • Book lungs • Circulation • Hemocoel • Book lungs • Heart • Arterial system • Back to hemocoel

  17. Subphylum ChelicerataClass Arachnida – Excretion • Excrete quanine, adenine, xanthine or uric acid • Allows little loss of water • Two systems • Nephridia • Malphigian tubules

  18. Brain http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/bionb424/students2004/leb27/CNSsmall.jpg Subphylum ChelicerataClass Arachnida – Nervous system

  19. Subphylum ChelicerataClass Arachnida – Nervous system • Sensory • Compound eyes – small but greater number • Sensory setae – major sense organs • Mechanoreceptors • Trichbothria – specialized for sensing weak air movement. • Chemoreceptors • Slit sense organs – strain gauges for cuticle • No antennae but often equivalent on legs

  20. http://www.thedailylink.com/thespiralburrow/anatomy/anat02.htmlhttp://www.thedailylink.com/thespiralburrow/anatomy/anat02.html Can sting within 0.75 sec. http://www.regalreptile.com/scorpion%203.jpg Class Arachnida - Diversity • Order Scorpiones • 3-21 cm in length • Greatly enlarged pedipalps • Very small chelicerae • Stinger • Predators – stay near burrow

  21. http://www.thedailylink.com/thespiralburrow/anatomy/anat02.htmlhttp://www.thedailylink.com/thespiralburrow/anatomy/anat02.html http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/az1320/Female-bark-scorpionalt.jpg http://www.regalreptile.com/scorpion%203.jpg Class Arachnida - Diversity • Order Scorpiones • Gonochoric • Mature – 6 yrs • Extended courtship ritual • Indirect sperm transfer – spermatophores • Viviparous • Care of young • Direct development – months • Live up to 25 yrs

  22. http://www.petbugs.com/caresheets/gallery/M-giganteus.jpg Class Arachnida - Diversity • Order Uropygi • Whip scorpions or Vinegaroons • 80 mm in length • Cephalothorax completely covered by carapace • Pair anterior median eyes • 3-4 pairs lateral eyes • Small chelicerae • Large chelate pedipalps

  23. http://www.petbugs.com/caresheets/gallery/M-giganteus.jpg Class Arachnida - Diversity • Order Uropygi • 2 pair book lungs • Pair of large repugnatorial glands • 84% acetic acid and 5% caprylic acid • 1st leg acts as antennae • Gonothropic • Complex courship • Indirect sperm transfer - spermatophore

  24. http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/hall_tour/spectrum/specimens/a2395h.jpg http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/hall_tour/spectrum/specimens/a2395h.jpg Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Amblypygi • Whip spider • 1st legs – antennae • All legs sensory • Anatomy similar to spiders: • Chelicerae similar to spiders but lack poison glands. repugnatorial glands • No silk produced • Tends to move laterally • Indirect sperm transfer - spermatophore

  25. Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Araenae • Spiders • 0.5 mm to 9 cm in length • ~40,000 described sp, ~130,000 undescribed sp. • Males usually smaller than females • Three groups based • Most Primitive • Primitive chelicerae (only longitudinal movement) • Segmented abdomen • Primative • Primitive chelicerae • Advanced • Fangs can move to oppose each other

  26. http://www.dmns.org/main/minisites/spiders/idkey1.html http://www.dmns.org/main/minisites/spiders/idkey1.html Cribellum //www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2017.jpg Silk glands Spinnerets Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Araenae – Silk • What is it? • Made of glycine, alanine and serine • 6-8 different kinds • 5-6 used by any one spider • 0.003 mm thick • Produced by • Silk glands – different kinds • Spinnerets • Single thread composed of many fibers which are weaved together • Cribellum – not in all • Anterior to spinnerets • Fine silk used for prey capture • Spiders eat silk to reclaim it

  27. http://citybugs.tamu.edu/FastSheets/images/spider-ballooning.gifhttp://citybugs.tamu.edu/FastSheets/images/spider-ballooning.gif http://www.museums.org.za/bio/spiderweb/reproduction.htm http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/spidermyth/images/draglinethumb.jpg http://typhoon.wcp.muohio.edu/tropicalvideos/costarica03/spidereggcase03.jpg Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Araenae – Silk • Function • Reproduction • Sperm web • Egg case • Nests • Dragline • Dispersion • Prey capture (webs)

  28. Tarantula http://www.bushveld.co.za/pictures-arachnids/garden-spider-large.jpg http://mamba.bio.uci.edu/~pjbryant/biodiv/spiders/Aphonopelma%20reversum.htm http://www.1000plus.com/alex/ImageGallery/Arachnids%20-%20Spiders/tn/Tunnel%20Spider.jpg.html http://www.coffee.co.uk/spiders.html http://www.nancylynne.com/Spider%20Web%20for%20web.jpg Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Araenae – Prey capture • Web builders • Orbs • Only the spiral is sticky • Walk on radial • Built to catch specific types of insects • Affected by food • Tunnel or Trapdoor • Hunting • Heavier legs • Good eyes in many

  29. http://dine.sanjuan.k12.ut.us/heritage/land/animals/bugs/images/wolf_spider.jpghttp://dine.sanjuan.k12.ut.us/heritage/land/animals/bugs/images/wolf_spider.jpg • Best developed slit sensors on legs- vibration • Eyes • Main • Secondary http://www.dal.ca/~egingl/research.htm http://research.amnh.org/entomology/blackrock2/images/main_key/scopulae_philodromidae.gif Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Araenae – Prey capture • Scopulae – walk up walls or glass

  30. http://www.geocities.com/spiders_snakes/spider/fang.jpg The above victim saw the Brown Recluse spider on her foot as she got out of the shower. This leg no longer exists because she had to have it amputated below the knee. Brown Recluse or Violin spider http://www.brown-recluse.com/index.html?google1 http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/spider-fang.gif http://www.museums.org.za/bio/spiderweb/bites.htm Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Araenae – Prey capture • Fangs • Movement • Toxin • Hunters – cytotoxin • antibiotics usually required • no anti-venom • anti-tetanus injection • Some patients • In 3 days mild fever, headaches

  31. Trachoma Funnel-Web Spider LETHAL Black Widow Atrax Funnel-Web spider LETHAL http://acd.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/Trechona.htm http://www.dobrodruh.cz/data/bookimg/00363-atrax.jpg http://library.thinkquest.org/C007974/media/2_4bla.jpg Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Araenae – Prey capture • Fangs • Movement • Toxin • Web-builders – neurotoxin • severe pain in the chest and abdomen • anxiety, raised blood pressure • breathing difficulties and heart palpitations • nausea and vomiting • sweating, excessive salivation and watery eyes • a rash might develop

  32. http://www.ambergriscaye.com/pages/photos/art/tarantula.jpg Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Araenae – Prey capture • Fangs • Movement • Non-Toxic

  33. Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Araenae – Digestion • Either totally dissolve prey with enzymes or masticate • Fluid sucked into midgut passing through particle filters • Digested in Caeca

  34. Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Araenae – Gas Exchange • Book lungs • And/or tracheae

  35. Gonochoric Indirect sperm transfer No spermatophores Transferred by pedipalps Male spins sperm web (shown earlier) Deposits sperm on web Transfers sperm to pedipalps Pedipalps transfer sperm to female Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Araenae – Reproduction

  36. http://www.key-net.net/users/swb/pet_arthropod/SS.jpg Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Solifugae • Sun spider • ~800 species • 2 mm – 7 cm • Inhabit warm arid regions • Enormous chelicerae • No venom • 1st legs used as antennae • Males extremely fast • Highly developed tracheae

  37. Spider leg http://troyb.com/photo/images/photos/00012918.jpg http://www.thelensflare.com/large/spider_979.jpg http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/Spiders/Info/spiderinfo.htm Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Opilones • Daddy long-legs or Harvestman • ~5000 species • 5 mm – 22 cm body • No venom • No constriction between cephalothorax and abdomen • Long legs because of a multisegmented tarsus • May have 100s • Eyes on Tubercle

  38. http://www.sdm.buffalo.edu/scic/toms_tick/tick-2_full.jpg Gnathosoma Idiosoma Pedipalp http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/struct/amdogtik.gif Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Acari • Ticks and mites • ~40,000 described • >1,000,000 undescribed • 0.1 – 0.75 mm length • Smallest can live in tracheae of honeybee • Present in all habitats • tagmata different • No segmentation • Entire body covered with single carapace

  39. Chelicera Pedipalp http://www.ijon.de/zecken/images/i-hex-wg.gif http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/struct/amdogtik.gif Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Acari • Large diversity in feeding • Carnivores • Herbivores • Scavengers • Ectoparasites • Endoparasites

  40. http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/struct/amdogtik.gifhttp://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/struct/amdogtik.gif Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Acari • Nervous system • Sensory setae • Air currents • Heat • Chemo • Mechano • Median and lateral eyes • Slits on legs that may be analogous to slit sense organs

  41. http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/struct/amdogtik.gifhttp://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/struct/amdogtik.gif Class Arachnida – DiversityOrder Acari • Reproduction • Gonochoric • Indirect sperm transfer by spermatophore • Transferred by chelicera, male 3rd pr. legs or female may pick up. • Eggs in soil or humus • 2-6 wk incubation

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