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Toward Empire

21. Toward Empire. CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM. How many can you identify?. CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM. How many can you identify? Growth (economy, population, industry) Steel Navy Colonial expansion of European powers Missionary zeal Darwinism Which was most significant?.

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Toward Empire

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  1. 21 Toward Empire

  2. CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM How many can you identify?

  3. CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM How many can you identify? • Growth (economy, population, industry) • Steel Navy • Colonial expansion of European powers • Missionary zeal • Darwinism Which was most significant?

  4. Catching the Spirit of Empire • Domestic concerns dominated the post-Civil War years • 1870s brought new interest in areas beyond U.S. boundaries • Internationalism began to replace nationalism • U.S. expansion shifted after 1890 • Strategically placed islands taken, intended only as colonies

  5. Reasons for Expansion • Expansion abroad sought to gain markets • Evolutionary ideas encouraged expansion to give guidance to native peoples elsewhere • Missionary spirit expressed in Josiah Strong’s popular Our Country (1885)

  6. Foreign Policy Approaches: 1867–1900 • Expansionist foreign policy • Acquisitions: Alaska, Midway Islands • Eroded European influence in Latin America • Diverted Latin American trade from Europe through a series of reciprocity treaties • U.S. supported Venezuela against Great Britain

  7. World Colonial Empires, 1900

  8. The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa • 1875: U.S. granted Hawaiian sugar free entry • Queen Liliuokalani retaliated for McKinley Tariff, attempted to reduce U.S. influence • 1893: American settlers pulled off coup • 1898: Hawaii made U.S. possession • 1872: U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa • 1899: U.S. shared control with Germany

  9. Hawaiian Islands

  10. The New Navy • Alfred Mahan argued that overseas markets were essential for industrial surpluses • Large merchant marine, strong navy needed • 1889: Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervised a program of naval construction • U.S. gained offensive capability at sea

  11. War with Spain • The war increased overseas possessions • It also gained U.S. recognition as a “world power” • Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

  12. A War for Principle • February, 1895: Rebellion in Cuba • “Yellow press” whipped up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence • McKinley gained Spanish concessions • February, 1898: Explosion of the Maine • April 19: Congress declared Cuba independent, passed “Teller Amendment” • April 25: U.S. declared war on Spain

  13. http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h46000/h46774.jpg

  14. What was the purpose of the Teller Amendment? • Assure Cubans and European powers that American intervention was not an “imperial” land grab. • stated that the United States "hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people." • Was it observed?

  15. Why did McKinley call for war with Spain? • Popular • Business interests • Spanish “despotism” • Maine incident • Yellow Press/jingoism

  16. Spanish-American War • Who had the advantage at the beginning of the war? • Spain had more soldiers and a bigger navy • How did the Philippines become involved? • UNDERSecretary Teddy Roosevelt ordered Commodore Dewey to attack Manila • What is the Hawaii connection to the war? • Annexed during the war to provide base in Pacific

  17. Spanish-American War:Pacific Theater

  18. “A Splendid Little War” • U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared • Problems of equipment and supply • Regulars possessed latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles • Guard units possessed old Springfield rifles • Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

  19. Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater

  20. Who are the Rough Riders? regiment of American volunteers , including cowboys, polo players, ex-convicts…and Teddy Roosevelt Why are they historically significant? http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Faculty/Fac_From1877ChapterDoc/ChapterImages/Ch19RooseveltandtheRough%20Riders.jpg

  21. “Rough Riders” http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/img/grprord.jpg

  22. “Smoked Yankees” • African Americans served in army Guard units • Black troops resisted segregation • African American soldiers won 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

  23. Acquisition of Empire • Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations • December, 1898: Treaty of Paris • Cuba independent • U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

  24. American Empire, 1900

  25. The Treaty of Paris Debate • Debate over annexation of the Philippines • Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League • Against big armies, government, and debt • Republican ideals incompatible with imperialism • February, 1899: Ratification of peace treaty made U.S. a colonizing nation

  26. “And one night it came to me this way-I don’t know how it was, but it came: (1) that we could not give them back to Spain – that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany-our commercial rivals in the Orient that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves – the were unfit for self-government and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain’s was; and (4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate they Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellowmen for whom Christ also died. And then I went to bed, and went to sleep and slept soundly.” -President McKinley; reflecting on what to do with the Philippines after the Spanish American war. MOTIVATING IDEAS OF IMPERIALISM NATIONAL HONOR COMMERCE RACIAL SUPERIORITY ALTRUISM

  27. Guerrilla Warfare inthe Philippines • 1898–1901: Emilio Aguinaldo led Philippine independence movement • Filipinos used guerilla war tactics, U.S. adopted tactics Spanish used in Cuba • 1901: U.S. replaced military with civil rule • Local self-government permitted • Schedule established for independence • July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

  28. PHILIPPINES RESIST EMPIRE How was the Philippines different from Cuba? • Emilio Aguinaldo • Guerilla war • Reconcentration camps • Atrocities • Americanization CASUALTY FIGURES: • U.S.-- 4,234 dead and 2,818 wounded. • “20,000 military dead and 200,000 civilian dead. (approximate numbers). Some historians place the numbers of civilian dead at 500,000 or higher.” medalofhonor.com

  29. Governing the Empire • Supreme Court permitted selective application of the Constitution to new territories • Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants made U.S. citizens • Navy controlled Guam • Cuban constitution ended U.S. occupation • Platt Amendment: U.S. given right to intervene in Cuban affairs

  30. What was the purpose of the Platt Amendment? • February 1901. • It allowed the United States "the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty..."

  31. The Open Door • March, 1900: “Open Door” policy in China • No European nation should carve out a sphere of influence in China and exclude others from trading in the area • Despite American claims to the contrary, other countries did not accept it • Policy opened the potential for later conflict with expansion-minded powers in Pacific

  32. US IN CHINA Did the Open Door policy work? Ignored by Great Powers Boxer Rebellion - 1900 US now entangled in China

  33. Outcomes of the War with Spain • 400 US combat deaths, 5000+ deaths from disease (60,000 Spanish casualties) • Set back the cause of civil rights for African Americans • Treaty of Paris: -Cuba “freed” -Guam and Puerto Rico are US possessions -Philippines purchased for $20 million • Platt Amendment • Increase in American prestige abroad/ U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country • Teddy Roosevelt a war hero • Confirmed Republicans as majority party

  34. OUTCOMES • 400 US combat deaths, 5000+ deaths from disease (60,000 Spanish casualties) • Treaty of Paris: -Cuba “freed” -Guam and Puerto Rico are US possessions -Philippines purchased for $20 million • Platt Amendment • Increase in American prestige abroad

  35. Which writer/thinker urged the formation of a modern steel navy and a network of island bases? • Which amendment pledged that the US would give Cuba its independence? • Who led the resistance to US rule in the Philippines? • What is one of the nicknames for the Roosevelt Corollary? • Pres. Roosevelt encouraged a revolution in Panama from what country?

  36. Edison films of the Spanish-American War http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sawhtml/sawsp1.html

  37. SIGNS/SYMPTOMS of IMPERIALISM • “Big Sister” Policy with Latin America • “Near-Wars” 0f late 1880’s and 1890’s • Germany, Italy, Russia, Chile, Britain • Aggressive application of Monroe Doctrine • Coup de’etat in Hawaii • Yellow Journalism and the Maine explosion

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