Kingdom Fungi

1. Kingdom Fungi

3. Fungi Kingdom contains: • Molds • Mildews • Rusts & Smuts • Yeasts • Mushrooms

4. Ecological Roles • Decomposers • Parasites • Mutualistic symbionts

5. Trophic Level • Saprophytic • Parasitic Indian Pipe is saprophytic

6. Fungal Roles • Break down organic material returning nutrients to the soil. • Yeasts are useful in the making of bread and fermented drinks. • Human pathogens e.g. athlete's foot and ringworm.

7. External Digestion Extra-cellular digestion occurs by secreting enzymes into environment and absorbing the nutrients produced.

8. Fungus Structure

9. Fungal Parts Hypha - the vegetative filament Septum - perforated cross walls Mycelium - a mat of interwoven hyphae

10. Why aren’t fungi classified as plants? • Non-photosynthetic (Heterotrophic) • Fungi cell walls are made of chitin • Plant cell walls are made of cellulose • Fungi store their food as glycogen (like animals) Plants and green algae store their food as starch

11. Life Cycle

12. Life Cycle • Begins as a spore that grows when conditions are right • Out of the spore wall grows a hypha • The body of the fungus is made up of hyphal threads collectively called the mycelium • The mycelium grows in soil or within dead wood or living organisms • When growing conditions are favorable, the mycelium develops fruiting bodies, e.g. mushrooms • Fruiting bodies produce new spores.

13. Types of Asexual Reproduction • Forming spores at the end of the hyphae. • Fragmentation- If the hyphe are broken, the pieces will grow into complete new organisms. • Yeasts reproduce by an asexual process called budding. In this process, the yeast cell pinches itself off to produce a small offspring cell.

14. Spores at the ends of hyphae

15. Budding

16. Sexual Reproduction • Each of the four divisions of fungi have different forms of sexual reproduction

17. Fungal Classification • Chitridiomycota – Primitive flagellates • Zygomycota - Common bread mold • Basidiomycota - Mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, and stinkhorns • Ascomycota-Mildews, yeasts, and truffles (sac fungi) • Deuteromycota – Ringworm, athletes foot

18. Fungi Cladogram

19. Chitridiomycota • Most primitive group • Aquatic parasites (may be responsible for global decline in amphibians) • Only Fungi with flagella

20. Zygomycota • Hyphae lack septa • Asexual reproduction is by conjugation

22. Basidiomycota • Underground hyphae intertwine and grow upward to produce a mushroom. • A "fairy ring" is actually a single organism. As the hyphae expand outward, the mushrooms grow around the outer edge. As long as the organism survives, the circle of mushrooms will be wider every year.

23. Fairy Ring

24. Stinkhorns

25. Puffballs

26. Smuts

27. Rusts

28. Rust Pathogenesis

29. Mushrooms

30. Mushrooms

31. Mushroom Life Cycle

32. Gills

33. Ascomycota • Largest group of fungi • Named for the reproductive sacs or Asci that form near the tips of the hyphae. • Ascospores are formed here and released into the air when the ascus ruptures. • These spores germinate to form new hyphae.

34. Mildew

35. Truffles

36. Yeast Candida albicans

37. Deuteromycota Tinea Pedis Tinea corporis onychomycosis

38. Fungal Symbiosis • Over 90% of plants have fungi associated with their roots. • The fungus absorbs and concentrates phosphates for delivery to the plant roots. • In return, the fungus receives sugars synthesized by the plant during photosynthesis.

39. Lichens • A symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, usually green algae. • The fungi hyphae provide protection and hold moisture while the photosynthetic partner provides food.

40. Lichens • Green color is because of the green algae cells growing between the hyphae of the fungus. • The grey is a lichen • The orange is a fungus without algae

41. Lichen