MECHANISM

1. Normal Condition Wind Flow Pattern Warm SE trade winds Cold MECHANISM thermocline OceanProfile upwelling

2. cool air cool air El Niño Condition Wind Flow Pattern SE trade winds Warm Cold MECHANISM thermocline upwelling OceanProfile

3. Walker Circulation La Niña Condition Wind Flow Pattern cool air Warm SE trade winds L H Cold MECHANISM OceanProfile thermocline

4. EFFECTS

5. Blue circles indicate that during El Niño there was, on average, more rain than normal. EFFECTS Red circles indicate drought during El Niño. PRECIPITATION

6. Europe North Mexico North-east Brazil March-May June- August Indonesia

7. September- November Spain India Philippines Sri Lanka East Africa Indonesia Uruguay Australia Chile South America Florida Philippines Mexico December- February Indonesia Ecuador South Africa Peru South Brazil Uruguay

8. EFFECTS Red circles denote locations that on average are warmer during El Niño and cooler during La Niña. Blue circles are colder during El Niño and/or warmer during La Niña. The size of the circles is a measure of the strength of the relationship. TEMPERATURE

9. North America March- May South-east America Mexico Canada East Asia South America West Africa India June- August

10. September- November India South America Australia North America South America December- February Southern Africa Australia

11. WORLD CHANGING EFFECTS OF LA NIÑA

12. La Niña's Typical Effect on Peru's Weather Cycles To the North, Montana's Climate Patterns are Also Affected

13. Farther North, La Niña Cools Canada's Weather Cycles Drought in East Africa Also Due to La Niña

14. Impact of El Nino by Region

15. In Australia, the impact event of El Niño has not been as strong as anticipated. In Indonesia, late-arriving rains delayed the normal October/November rice planting and caused a reduction in rice production potential. In Malaysia, rainfall has been below normal but adequate for rice production. In Thailand, below normal rainfall has lowered water reserves for the second rice crop. In the Philippines, localized dryness has reduced corn and rice yields. Impact

16. In the Republic of South Africa, November/December corn planting was delayed due to insufficient rainfall. In Zimbabwe, a hot, dry December In Tanzania and Kenya, drought earlier in the crop year In India past El Niño brought dry weather across northwest India In the Central America the major El Niño impact is nearly over as their rainy season has ended. Impact

17. 1982-1983 drought damage to rice and corn cost more than P700 million 450,000 hectares of land were affected among the severely hit provinces were Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, Northern Visayas and Western Mindanao 1992-1993 drought damage set back the agricultural sector by P4.1 billion 478,000 metric tons of corn were destroyed among the worst hit were South Cotabato, Isabela, Bukidnon, Maguindanao, North Cotabato and Cagayan 1997-1998 dry spell between June1997-1998; effects continued to be felt through September 1998 El Niño struck as the country was enjoying a continuous four-year growth damage to agriculture amounted to P8.46 billion 16 regions were affected Severe droughts in the Philippines

18. El Niño early warnings pre-emptive actions - setting up disaster assistance for farmers - issuing drought insurance - making changes to tax and food import policies - building up strategic food stocks - encouraging shifts in planting patterns planting of early maturing varieties of crops. La Niña identification and mapping of areas that are prone to flood and vulnerable to erosion and landslides. construction of 990 units of small farm reservoirs (SFRs) for harvesting rainwater and surface runoff MITIGATION

19. Satellite Ocean buoys Recent technological advances have made it possible to monitor, diagnose, and predict El Niño and La Niña events in near-real time. Some of the major technologies used are: MITIGATION

20. Radiosondes Super computers MITIGATION

21. Geophysical and Socio-economic settings have multi-dimensional influences on El Niño and La Niña impacts. Therefore, it should be duly considered in conducting any sort of impact study on El Niño and La Niña, and in undertaking any intervention to cope with disaster problems. There should be an adequate assessments about and monitoring of hazards, disasters and vulnerabilities, so that the need for prevention is accurately identified and disasters defined. There is need for a clear and comprehensive national disaster policy, which will address the total disaster management spectrum, including El Niño and La Niña considerations of all aspects of preparedness. Within this policy, there must be a readiness on the part of the government to institutionalize preventive measures. TheGovernment undertake the following initiatives: To formulate a comprehensive plan for disaster management, disaster policy and disaster actions at the earliest possible time.   To design an appropriate and enforceable legal mechanism for dealing with all types of natural disaster   To develop appropriate technology and ensure the collection of relevant data on disaster through the use of satellites and the introduction of a regular system of delivering information to the public through television, radio and other mass media. Conclusions & Recommendations

22. Reporters Thankyouforlistening!!! Gumisad, Lourdes Navarro, Mary Joy