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BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES. FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSONALITY EARLY LIFE PSYCHOTHERAPY. TO BIOLOGICAL DISEASE BRAIN MEDICATION. REVOLUTION: 1980 - PRESENT. HISTORY. DOMINANT IN 19TH CENTURY - DISEASE OF BRAIN RISE AND DOMINANCE OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN

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BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

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  1. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

  2. FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSONALITY EARLY LIFE PSYCHOTHERAPY TO BIOLOGICAL DISEASE BRAIN MEDICATION REVOLUTION: 1980 - PRESENT

  3. HISTORY • DOMINANT IN 19TH CENTURY - DISEASE OF BRAIN • RISE AND DOMINANCE OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY • LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN • DISCREDITING OF GENETIC THOUGHT WITH NAZIS

  4. EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY • SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION BEGAN ABOUT 1980 • MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN – HUMAN GENOME PROJECT NOW • NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF THE BRAIN (CAT; MRI; PET)

  5. EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY • PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS • INSURANCE AND MANAGED CARE • DRUGS CHEAPER AND MORE EFFICIENT THAN THERAPY • CAN TREAT SERIOUSLY ILL

  6. CONCEPT

  7. DSM-III (1980) • REJECTED DYNAMIC MODEL OF DSM-I AND DSM-II • ADOPTED DIAGNOSTIC MODEL

  8. DIAGNOSTIC MODEL • PARTICULAR DIAGNOSIS VERY IMPORTANT • NOT CONTINUOUS, BUT CATEGORICAL • SYMPTOMS INDICATE UNDERLYING DISEASES • BUT, NO “GOLD STANDARD” OTHER THAN SYMPTOMS

  9. CAUSES

  10. CAUSES • BRAIN DISORDERS • OFTEN GENETIC VULNERABILITIES • EARLY CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES OR TRAUMAS • CURRENT TRAUMAS CAN CHANGE BRAIN

  11. EVIDENCE FOR GENETIC • PROBABILITY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA • NO SCHIZ RELATIVES 1% • UNCLES/AUNTS/COUSINS 2-4% • ONE PARENT 6% • FULL SIBLING 10% • DZ 6-15% • MZ 30-40%

  12. BASIC PROBLEM • FAMILIES TRANSMIT GENES AND BEHAVIORS, VALUES, CULTURE, ETC. • HOW SEPARATE GENETIC FROM ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES? • TWO MAJOR WAYS

  13. ADOPTION STUDIES • GET GENES FROM ONE SET OF PARENTS AND ENVIRONMENT FROM ANOTHER SET • NATURAL CHILDREN OF M.I. PARENTS RAISED BY NON-M.I. FOSTER PARENTS • COMPARE TO ADOPTED CONTROL GROUP

  14. HESTON STUDY • 47 CHILDREN BORN TO SCHIZ. MOTHER IN OREGON M.H. 1915-45 AND TAKEN AWAY AT BIRTH • CONTROL GROUP OF 47 CHILDREN OF NON-M.I. MOTHERS ADOPTED AT BIRTH

  15. HESTON (CONT.) • 17% OF CHILDREN BORN OF SCHIZ. MOTHERS BECAME SCHIZ. • 0% OF CONTROL GROUP • OTHER STUDIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ALSO SUPPORT GENETIC INFLUENCE (ALTHOUGH NOT AS STRONGLY)

  16. OTHER ILLNESSES • DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOLISM • RATES IN ADOPTEES SOMETIMES RESEMBLE FOSTER PARENTS MORE THAN NATURAL PARENTS • INDICATES ENVIRONMENTAL AS WELL AS GENETIC INFLUENCES

  17. TWIN STUDIES

  18. COMPARE MZ - DZ TWINS • MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (MZ) - SHARE 100% GENES • DYZYGOTIC TWINS (DZ) - SHARE 50% GENES • RAISED IN SAME FAMILY, ETC. • CONTROL ENVIRONMENT, VARY GENES

  19. DIFFERENCES IN SCHIZ. • SIBLINGS 10% • DZ 6-15% • MZ 30-40% • OTHER DISORDERS LESS DIFFERENCE BUT ALWAYS MORE MZ THAN DZ

  20. LIMITS OF TWIN STUDIES • MZ CONCORDANCE FAR FROM 100% • ARE TWINS REPRESENTATIVE? • EXTENT GREATER CONCORDANCE FOR MZ IS SOCIAL NOT GENETIC • PHYSICAL SIMILARITY, MORE INTERACTION, SAME FRIENDS • CAN’T LOCATE PARTICULAR GENES

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