ethnic & internal conflicts; minorities & nationalists; image & identity

1. ethnic & internal conflicts;minorities & nationalists;image & identity

2. approaches to ethnic conflict • primordialist • instrumentalist • constructivist • institutionalist

3. michael e. brown • apa itu konflik etnis? apa itu kelompok etnis? • apa itu konflik internal? • apa itu perang sipil? kapan konflik internal dapat dikatakan sebagai perang sipil? • apa itu konflik regional? cara pandang yang ada terhadap konflik regional simplistik dan mekanistik – apa maksudnya? apa akibat sebuah konflik internal terhadap tetangganya? apa saja respon yang dapat diberikan negara tetangga?

4. michael e. brown • faktor struktural: • weak states • intrastate security concerns • ethnic geography • faktor politik: • discriminatory political institutions • exclusionary national ideologies • intergroup politics • elite politics • faktor ekonomi/sosial: • economic problems • discriminatory economic systems • economic development and modernisation • faktor kultural/persepsi: • patterns of cultural discrimination • problematic group histories

5. michael e. brown • “we know a lot of things that are true about civil violence, but we do not know when they are going to be true” • catalytic / triggering /proximate causes: • internally driven – elite level • internally driven – mass level • externally driven – elite level • externally driven – mass level

6. michael e. brown • “no fault history” • domestic elites driven by: • ideological struggles • criminal assaults on state sovereignty • power struggles • why do followers follow? • existence of antagonistic group histories • economic problems

7. ted robert gurr • ethnopolitical groups • national peoples • minority peoples • konflik etnopolitik adalah konsekuensi dari modernisasi: • berkembangnya negara modern • berkembangnya sistem ekonomi global • revolusi komunikasi

8. ted robert gurr why minorities rebel? • salience of ethnocultural identity • how much difference it makes in people’s lives • dissimilarities among groups • group psychology of comparative advantage/disadvantage • open conflict • incentives for action • collective disadvantages • loss of political autonomy • repression • frames for ethnopolitical action • dynamics of protracted conflict • capacity for action • territorial concentration • preexisting organisation • formation of coalition • authenticity of leadership

9. janice gross stein • enemy image • need for identity • dynamics of group behavior • identity and conflict • identitas personal dan sosial sering bertentangan • orang cenderung multi identitas • ada yang lebih kompetitif/kooperatif • mengapa? • identitas bukan given, melainkan: • dipilih oleh ybs • dipaksakan oleh pemegang otoritas • hasil konstruksi sosial • konflik ada ketika aneka identitas dalam diri saling bertentangan

10. selective perception & psychologic • stereotyping: simplifying cognitive categories referring to groups of people • tunnel vision: tendency to concentrate upon a few specific aspects of the conflict environment • separation: defending the ‘enemy image’ against contamination (not crediting other’s good actions, avoiding the communicator) • bolstering: seeking out evidence to support a position already taken to justify it to self & others • polarisation: widening the gap, highlighting the differences among parties -> lessening the ability to emphatise, universalise one’s own frame of reference

11. selective recall • repression: unconscious process by which nonconforming information which usually redounds to one’s own or one’s party’s discredit, or contradicts the simple, black & white cognitive structure is not remembered • suppression: similar to repression, but occurs at the conscious level, and with the knowledge and intention of the individual concerned

12. group identification • dehumanisation: regarding others as less than human • identification: leads to related processes which allow a ‘good’ member to enhance his own group’s value • rationalisation: retain one’s image of his group … unconscious process of explaining the behavior that is unacceptable by either assigning logical reasons or excusing it • projection: projecting to others the characteristics & traits in oneself of which one feels most ashamed and wishes to deny -> self-fulfilling prophecy • displacement: redirecting feelings of hostility on to some available 3rd parties

13. self images • images of an extended self: individuals identify not merely with a set of other similar individuals but with symbolic objects which come to represent the set, as much as the individuals in it • virile & moral self images: tendencies to respond forcefully & aggressively to perceived threats … actions against adversaries are always interpreted as being principled & lacking in evil intent or ultimate effects • intruder self images: alien intruder, alien agitator, traitors in our midst

14. adversary images • black-top images: bad leaders, good citizens • unified enemy image: bad leaders, bad citizens

15. interdependence of self/other images • selective perception & interpretation: parties attach differing interpretations to actions or statements by themselves, their adversaries, or relevant 3rd parties • mirror images: mutually uncomplimentary images of one another, in which the details of one tend to be the reverse of the details in the image held by the enemy • maintaining interdependent images