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Design & Evaluation Methods

Design & Evaluation Methods. Chapter 3 Reference Slide 2 of Lecture 1. Human Factors Design. Most products designed without adequate consideration for human factors Focus is on technology and product & its functions

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Design & Evaluation Methods

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  1. Design & Evaluation Methods Chapter 3 Reference Slide 2 of Lecture 1

  2. Human Factors Design • Most products designed without adequate consideration for human factors • Focus is on technology and product & its functions • Designers consider human factors an extra expense and if human factors are addressed it is after the design is complete • Cost/Benefit analysis will normally indicate otherwise

  3. Human Factors in the Product Lifecycle • Maximum human factors benefits are obtained when included in the basic product design process • Human factors design should occur at many stages in the design process (see table 3.3) not at just one point

  4. User-Centered Design Principles: • Early focus on user and tasks • Empirical measurement (data collected from users!) • Interactive design using prototypes, where rapid changes can be made to the interface design • Participatory design where users are directly involved

  5. Resources for Design Work • Data Compendiums (databases) • Human Factors Design Standards • MIL-STD-1472D • ANSI/HFES-100 VDT standard • ANSI/HFES-200 software usability standard • Human Factors Principles & Guidelines (design & placement of controls on products – no specific rules, but look at cell-phones, cameras, & DVD players)

  6. Front-End Analysis Activities • ID end users & analyze population characteristics • ID major system functions (function & task analyses) • Determine environment for use • ID user preferences/requirements - do system functions match? • Are there any existing constraints in system design? • What are the human factors criteria for design solutions?

  7. Conceptual Design Activities • Allocate functions to be included in the product or system design (e.g. auto focus and aperture setting will be included in design) • Supporting the conceptual design process often begins vague & becomes more specific. Design solutions are often based on previous designs with new bells and whistles. Human factors specialist will focus on improving previous designs & changes in design.

  8. Iterative Design & Testing Task Analysis • Major user goals & associated activities • Tasks required to achieve goals • Conditions under which tasks are performed • Task performance results or outcomes • Information or knowledge needed to perform • Communications with others to perform tasks • Equipment needed to perform tasks

  9. Iterative Design & Testing (cont.) • Structured Vs Unstructured Interviews • Observation • Think Aloud Verbal Protocol • Task Performance Questioning • Representing Data with Lists, Outlines, Matrices, etc. • Hierarchies & Networks • Flow Charts

  10. Iterative Design & Testing (cont.) • Interface Design (how user interacts with product or system): • Provide good conceptual model (intuitive model) • Make things visible • Use natural mappings (intuitive) • Provide feedback (error messages, beeps, etc. • Prototypes (make ideas concrete, communication medium, usability testing) • Heuristic Evaluation (allows examination of every aspect of interface to assure meeting criteria)

  11. Additional Evaluation Studies & Analyses • Cost/Benefit analysis • Trade-off analysis • Workload analysis (make something easier to use) • Simulations or modeling • Safety, human reliability, or hazard Analyses

  12. Usability Testing • Learnablility • Efficiency • Memorability • Error rate • Satisfaction

  13. Support Materials(Facilitators) • Repair Manuals • Assembly Instructions • Owner’s Manuals • Training Programs

  14. Final Test & Evaluation Two Most Common Research Designs Are: • Between-subjects design – different users perform tasks using the new product, the old product, or a different product. • Within-subjects design – same users perform tasks using the new product and comparison of products

  15. Measures • Proximal Measures • User satisfaction • Usability • Task performance levels (accuracy, task time, etc.) • Number of performance errors related to safety • Distal Measures • Manufacturing costs, efficiency, waste, etc. • Personnel costs • Number of accidents and injuries • Number of disability claims • Sick leave and other health indices

  16. Human Factors Change Programs Company Audit: • Manufacturing equipment design • Environmental, workstation, & equipment safety hazards • Safety procedures & practices • Workstation design • Efficiency of plant layout • Efficiency of jobs/tasks • Adequacy of training • Organizational design and job structures • Reward or incentive policies • Information exchange and communication

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